You see, the larger the focal length (in mm), the lesser light travels to the sensor. Focal length is the length of the "X" formed in the lens of a camera, the crossover.
That means, high optical zoom (><) results in less light reaching to the sensor, than a low zoom (X), provided the aperture is opened equally in both cases.
Aperture is hence, actually a ratio....
So, an opening of exact 50mm diameter in aperture, will bring less exposure at 105mm, then it will bring at 18mm... But this will confuse people.
Because quantitatively exposure opening is the same at 50mm, but exposure caused will be different because of more/less "zoom"...
So, Aperture is a ratio of Focal Length:Iris hole opening.
S0, F/ 4.0 Aperture value can be achieved by:-
50mm zoom: 12.5mm iris opening OR
100mm zoom: 25mm iris opening, OR
200mm zoom: 50mm iris opening. (The more technically correct word for zoom here is "Focal Length", but that might confuse new people.)
A bigger Aperture means smaller values which make the ratio go down. So, f 2.0 (60mm zoom:30mm iris opening) lets in more light compared to f 4.0 (60mm zoom: 15mm iris opening).
A bigger maximum aperture in a lens enables faster shutter speeds for any situation. So,
at f 2.0 you may snap at 1/100th of a second, OR
at f 3.5 you may snap at 1/25th of a second, which is slower and may cause motion blur.
Take it as a tap. Exposure is the water that actually reaches the glass. See the image below to understand:-
*images.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-3ZNd4dpC6TU%2FTqJyJx4eKPI%2FAAAAAAAAAJ0%2F2ItvCRnUYZQ%2Fs1600%2Fshutterspeed.gif&f=1