Can a laptop USB be fixed withing replacing motherboard?
You have no reason to suspect low power. Reasons why the USB ports are intermittent are many. OS has a system (event) log. That information provided to others means a better informed reply can exist.
Laptop USB hardware is typically repaired by replacing the laptop's motherboard. Some laptops have a peripheral card slot. A peripheral card that is a USB interface might be installed. Or spend bigger bucks for a USB hub that connects via the ethernet port.
Your questions and 'later discovered' symptoms are why better computer manufacturers provide comprehensive hardware diagnostics for free. Sometimes, things that appear to be good are defective. And sometimes things that appear defective are good. All your USB ports may be defective even though you see one working.
If your computer did not provide those diagnostics, then you have learned of one item that separates better laptops from inferior ones. Many if not all of your questions could have been answered by that diagnostic.
How to avert future damage and why that laptop is probably damaged also was summarized.
At this point, you are probably viewing a new computer. Learn from what happened to this one.