SNR stands for "Signal-to-Noise Ratio". It is used to evaluate the quality of electrical signals, not only with internet connections, but also with many applications in electronics such as audio, video, etc.
Technically speaking, it is the ratio of the desired signal to unwanted electrical noise, expressed in decibels (db). Mathematically, it is
SNR = 10*log (signal power/noise power) or 20*log (signal voltage/noise voltage).
The higher the SNR figure, the better.
Attenuation is the extent to which the strength of the desired signal is reduced, compared to a standard level. So the lower the attenuation, the better.