I think if you are going to use the usual POP3 protocol in your Outlook then it does not allow selective message download based on time range. But I suspect one way to achieve this (though I have never tried) is to configure Gmail as IMAP in your outlook first and from within IMAP selectively copy the messages that you want to in your local Outlook folder.
Then reconfigure Outlook to access Gmail as POP3 and set Enable POP for mail that arrives from now on in Gmail Web interface settings.