U have asked just too much
I will tell u in 1 line for each
-focal length -50mm is the standard focal length...less than that is wider than our eye can see and more then that is the magnification
-Auto focus modes - I know 2 types AF per shot and continuous AF ...continuous AF is useful for moving objects
-Sensor size - *images.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/digital_sensor-sizes.png
in this image 1/3" and 1/2" is the size of sensor of P&S and 1.5x is the size of normal DSLRs like D3100 and 1.6x is the size of canon DSLR like 550D ...bigger the sensor the better low light capability
-Macro focus range - micro focus range is there in P&S...its generally 1cm to 5cm...when u enable micro mode in the cam the cam focuses very very close only around that range
-Live view - its the screen we see when taking the pics its called live view
-Maximum aperture - in aperture smaller number denotes bigger aperture like f1.8, f2.8 and smaller apertures are f22, f32 ....bigger the aperture better will be the low light capabilities coz more light can come in
-Minimum shutter speed - its the time taken to flip the shutter in DSLR...but in P&S there is no shutter...its done digitally....u can not go below 1/15 handhold with stabilisation and below 1/60 without stabilisation
-Maximum shutter speed - to take pic of moving subject we keep shutter speed very fast like 1/2000 ...max can be in some cam 1/8000
-Aperture priority - in this mode u set the aperture the cam will select shutter speed automatically
-Shutter priority - in this mode u select shutter speed and cam select aperture automatically
-Manual exposure mode - never heard of this...but in manual mode u have to set aperture and shutter speed yourself...
-Subject / scene modes - these r auto modes given to use in a hurry..
-Flash range - the distance the flash can cover...maybe 2-3 meters max
-Flash modes - dont have exact idea
-Continuous drive - if u r talking about continuous shooting option...its used to capture moving subjects like bird flying or moving car...there r max limit of pictures taken ...u just keep pressing the button and it will take pics
-Metering modes - spot, center and matrix (in my D3100) it sense the lightning conditions and accordingly set the aperture, shutter as per the mode selected
-Exposure compensation - it can be set according to lightning conditions...u can darken or brighten the subject using it..maybe in P&S its from -2 to +2
-WB Bracketing - never heard of it