Programming languages can be divided into various categories. I am not going into the details, just google for yourself. The first query that you have given, the language has been jointly designed by Microsoft Corporation, to support their .NET framework, and the syntax is heavily taken from Java Standard Edition, which in turn is heavily taken from C++ and C.
Secondly, Java, C++, C#(pronounced as C-hash, though there are other ways of pronouncing it, just google it) are all object oriented language. Now C is a procedure oriented language. So my recommendation will be, to actually start programming, by starting to learn C, and then go to C++ and Java Standard Edition, Enterprise Edition and Micro Edition.
C will introduce you to the basic concepts of programming such as datatypes, variables, procedures(functions or modules), library functions, and the real power of C and C++ pointers.
So start with C, and get a good book. My preference for the book will be The Complete Reference C by Herbert Schildt. It is the best book to start learning C. The author has also written books on C++, Java and C# as well under the same title, and many others. My favorite author, along with the millions of professional programmers around the world. You can also books, authored by Robert Lafore, though, first you start by Herbert Schildt, and then go to Robert Lafore.
So start coding............